Objective: Evaluation of intra-abdominal Pressure during different stages of pregnancy, before and after feeding in pregnant ewes with single and multiple lambs. Design: Experimental field study.Animals: Seven parous ewes.Procedure: At the end of the second month of gestation. a balloon was made from condom was inserted into the pelvic cavity through a posterior mid-line laparotomy. Intra-abdominal Pressure recorded on days 90, 120, 135 and 143 of pregnancy by infusion of 4ml of physiological saline into the balloon connected to a transducer and a Pressure recorder. Statistical analysis: Data from different stages were compared using Student "t" test. Results: The results indicated that, at each stage of pregnancy the intra-abdominal Pressure before feeding was higher than that after feeding and in ewes with single lambs, it was higher than in ewes with multiple lambs.Clinical implications: It has been postulated that increased intra abdominal Pressure associated with increased rumen fill and the presence of multiple lambs are involved in the pathogenesis of cervical-vaginal prolapse. Although in this study, intra-abdominal Pressure decreased after feeding and in multiple pregnancy. Therefore feeding and multiple pregnancy, not only can not increase intra abdominal Pressure, but also it can not be a pathogenesis of cervical vaginal prolapse.

Intravitreal injections of anti-vascular endothelial growth factors (anti- VEGFs) have become more popular quickly in recent years. Bevacizumab is an anti- vascular endothelial growth factor agent (anti-VEGF) used to treat choroidal neovascularization and retinal vascular disorders. Rare long lasting ocular adverse events are reported in the intravitreal injectionof this drug that include intraocular inflammation, retinal tears, vitreous hemorrhage, endophtalmitis, and lens Changes. One important concern about intravitreal injection of anti-VEGF drug is intraocular Pressure (IOP) elevation. There are two kinds of IOP elevation. First one is an acute elevation of IOP (after few minutes) and the second is delayed IOP elevation (after few months). The prevalence of IOP elevation immediately after injection is significantly high and seems to have the potential risk for optic nerve fiber loss results in decreased vision but fortunately this IOP elevation seems to be transient in most of studies.

Background: Military activities cannot be classifi ed as pure isometric or pure dynamic exercise. The eff ects of these activities on intra ocular Pressure (IOP) have not been investigated so far. Objectives: The current study aimed to evaluate the short-term eff ects of military activities on IOP. Methods: . Following a cross-sectional design, this study was conducted on 44 soldiers in the Islamic Republic of Iran Army. Soldiers’ heart rate and IOP were recorded before marching activities at rest, immediately after marching, and 30 minutes after the march. The measurements were repeated in the same process in 3 months. The marching activity was the same for all participants and took 60 minutes. Results: In total, 44 soldiers were studied, with a mean age of 21. 80  1. 56 years. The IOP measurements before, immediately after, and 30 minutes after the marching were signifi cantly diff erent. IOP was signifi cantly lower after the march (P < 0. 001), and 30 minutes after the march, it was increasing gradually. The same results were observed in the IOP measurements 3 months later. We found no association between IOP after marching and heart rates before and after marching. Also, no signifi cant association was observed between IOP and age. Conclusions: IOP was signifi cantly decreased after marching, but it was transient. The results indicate that the dynamic component in military marches is more prominent than isometric parts.

Purpose: To evaluate the effect of periocular topical triamcinolone cream on intraocular Pressure. Methods: A retrospective chart review identified 57 patients, 114 eyes using triamcinolone cream (0. 1%, 0. 025%) with subsequent intraocular Pressure (IOP) checks at three follow-up visits. Descriptive, univariate, and multivariate analyses were performed to assess effects of age, therapy duration, consecutive weeks on steroid, prescription strength, time of day, and method of measurement on IOP levels. Generalized Estimating Equations were used in regression models to account for correlation of eyes within subjects and across visits. Results: We identified 57 patients using triamcinolone cream for allergic or eczematous dermatitis of the eyelid. Prescription strengths were 0. 025% or 0. 1% and patients were followed for a median of 4. 9 months. Measurements of IOP at baseline did not change as compared to all IOP measurements at follow-ups and did not change with steroid strength. The mean change in IOP at all follow-up visits was 0. 07 mm Hg (95% confidence interval [CI]: –0. 36, 0. 50). After adjustment for the method of tonometer and the patient’s age, the mean change was 0. 03 mm Hg (95% CI: –0. 68, 0. 73, P = 0. 93). Prescription strength and consecutive weeks of therapy were not associated with IOP. Two patients experienced a significant elevation in IOP of >10 mm Hg, one through the concomitant consequences of systemic corticosteroids usage and the other through prolonged topical application. Conclusion: In patients taking periocular triamcinolone cream, there was no clinically meaningful change in mean IOP between baseline and follow-up visits, and IOP measurements were not related to variances in prescription strength or duration of therapy.

Background: Esophagectomy is considered to be the main treatment for esophageal malignancies. Among the different methods, transhiatal approach can cause less damage to patients and is widely used; however, manipulation of esophagus result in heart rate and blood Pressure variations. The aim of this study was to investigate Changes in blood Pressure and heart rhythm during transhiatal esophagectomy. Methods: This prospective study was performed on 51 patients with esophageal cancer admitted for transhiatal esophagectomy. Anesthesia method was similar for all the patients. Blood Pressure and heart rhythm were monitored in three stages; 30 min before, during, and up to 24 hours after mediastinal manipulation (blood Pressure, every minute, and heart rhythm, continuously, were controlled during manipulation). Collected data were analyzed. Using SPSS statistical softwareResults: Over the first 5 minutes, systolic blood Pressure declined significantly compared with preoperation time (p=0.001). Diastolic Pressure declared from to 2 to 5 minutes postoperatively (p=0.001). Before mediastinal manipulation, AF was observed in 3 and PVC in 5 patients; whereas, arrhythmia was not found in other 43 patients. During mediastinal manipulation, 1, 25 and 10 patients developed AF, bradycardia and PVC respectively, and 4 patients had bradycardia and PVC, simultaneously. Arrhythmia was not detected in 11 patients. Before manipulation, arrhythmia was seen in 15.7% of patients which increased to 78.4% during operation time (p=0.0001) Conclusion: According to the findings of this study the development of hypotension and arrhytmia are common during mediastinal manipulation. These Changes recover after surgical procedure without treatment. If the alterations remain after surgery, remedial actions will be required.

Introduction: Fasting as a religious necessity has so many spiritual effects on people's life. Some parts of these effects are done via the biological intervention and it is necessary for each physician to know all the body biological Changes during the fasting period. There are some evidences showing the increase of the serum lipoproteins during the fasting period. This study was aimed to assess the Changes of the main cardiovascular risk factors (Changes of lipoproteins and blood Pressure) during the fasting period.Material & Methods: About the first month of winter when fasting time was at most 13 hours/ day, 44 volunteers were selected. All of them were employees of a military center in Tehran. Blood was sampled and weight was measured twice in tl.e 1 'I and 291h day of fasting period after at least 8 hours of fasting. Triglyceride (TG), cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and high density lipoprotein (HDL) concentrations were measured for each serum sample, using the same method and kit at both thetimes. Serum lipoprotein concentrations and weight were both adjusted by Body Mass Index (BMI).Results: Mean age of the participants was 39.8±5.4 years. Mean TG concentrations before and after the fasting period were 175 ± 60 and 160 ± 71 mg/dl, respectively, mean TC concentrations before and after fasting were 213 ± 42 and 219 ± 35 mg/ dl, respectively, and HDL concentrations before and after this period were 35.7 ± 6.5 and 36.1 ± 5.9 mg/dt, respectively, that non of these data show significant difference. Mean LDL concentration after the fasting period was significantly higher than that of before this period (150 ± 34 vs. 142 ± 37 mg/ d l. respectively, P<0.05). Mean systolic blood Pressure before and after the fasting period were 11 0.3 ± 11.7 and 1132 ± 11.:2 mmHg, respectively, which did not mention any significant difference, but mean diastolic blood Pressure before and after the fasting period were 78.0 ± 10.0 and 81.2 ± 9.0 mmHg, respectively (P<0.05).Conclusion: Although the diastolic blood Pressure after the fasting period was significantly higher than that of before this period, the rate of this difference was very low and in the normal ranges. Like the most other studies in this issue, this study showed the increase of serum LDL after the fasting period that albeit showing no significant difference between TC concentration before and after the fasting period, but Ie concentration after this period was higher before that. Considering all these facts, it seems that the total serum cholesterol increases during the fasting period. It could be due to changing of individuals diet towards using more fatty foods during this period. Correct diet education should be considered by the authorities, medias, physicians and all the other responsibilities to prevent increasing TC concentration during this period.